![]() The findings indicate that a feature occurring later in the word affects initial consonant production and perception, which supports the whole-word phonology model. Familiar words with geminates were recognized despite the change, words with singletons were not. Extensive durational measurements of segments on either side of geminates, illustrated by substantial tables, was presented by Hajime Takeyau and Mikio Giriko for Japanese geminates. We focus on the diachronic pathways leading to the emergence of this rare phonological pattern. They also found that word-initial geminates are not distinguishable from corresponding singletons, even by native speakers of the language. We first established baseline word-form recognition for untrained familiar trochaic disyllables and then tested for word-form recognition, separately for words with geminates and singletons, after changing the initial consonant to create nonwords from both familiar and rare forms. We discuss some issues posed by word-initial geminates (IG). To test the hypothesis that it is the salience of the medial geminate that detracts attention from the initial consonant we conducted three experiments with 11-month-old Italian infants. A production study with thirty Italian children recorded at 1 3 and 1 9 strongly confirmed both of these tendencies. Nevertheless, the difference between geminates and singletons phrase initially is proportionately less than in phrase-medial position.Infants learning languages with long consonants, or geminates, have been found to "overselect" and "overproduce" these consonants in early words and also to commonly omit the word-initial consonant. In fact, even word-initial geminates are attested in MA, as well as a copious supply of word-internal. MSA does not allow word initial consonant clusters of two or more segments, but such clustering is widely attested in MA, and must be licit for any realistic set of generative rules. Third, stops are longer in phrase-initial than phrase-medial position, indicating articulatory strengthening. cluster sequences, word initial, word medial and word final. This means that-even without acoustic CD cues for perception-geminates are articulated with substantially longer oral closure than singletons. Word-initial geminates in Cypriot Greek may be the result historically of spontaneous gemination, as in /nne/ 'yes', from earlier /ne/ or of assimilation. ![]() Second, phrase initially, the contact data unequivocally establish a quantity distinction. First, as expected, CD and contact duration of the articulators mirror each other within a phrase: Geminates are longer than singletons. Nevertheless, do speakers utilize articulatory means to maintain the contrast? By using electropalatography, the articulatory and acoustic properties of word-initial alveolar stops were investigated in phrase-initial and phrase-medial contexts. This holds word medially as well as phrase medially, e.g., “without roar” versus “without can.” Since the stops are voiceless, no CD cue distinguishes geminates from singletons phrase initially. As in most languages with consonant quantity contrast, geminate stops are produced with significantly longer closure duration (CD) than singletons in an intersonorant context. ![]() Stops in Swiss German contrast only in quantity in all word positions aspiration and voicing play no role.
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